The search for common principles and definitions marked a World Council of Churches consultation on "Religious Freedom, Community Rights and Individual Rights: A Christian-Muslim Perspective", held in Hartford, Connecticut, USA, 14-16 October 1999.

The 35 international participants considered the issue of religious freedom from a regional perspective as well as in relation to existing universal standards such as international law regarding human rights.

The issue of proselytism remained a source of tension among the participants. Appreciation was expressed by both Christians and Muslims at the consultation for the WCC's historical distinction between proselytism and witness. Previous WCC documents have made that distinction regarding the motivation for and methods of evangelism within the Christian community. Yet, as noted by Dr Robert Traer of the International Association for Religious Freedom, there is no such distinction in international law. The need to build a common understanding of such concepts as proselytism, mission, tolerance, respect, citizenship, and freedom was identified as a key goal for further dialogue.

The political use and misuse of the issue of religious freedom was also identified through discussion of regional contexts involving the United States, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Rev. Elga Sarapung noted that only five religions are officially recognized in Indonesia, although other religious traditions are practised in the country, leading her to ask, "Who says what is a religion?" Religious pluralism, especially as experienced in the African context within families, however, was seen as a source of hope. "While we discuss this at the political level," Dr Anne Kubai, from Kenya said, "families continue to live together. We need to close the gap between the community and family levels."

Some of the other issues discussed in the consultation and identified for further work include:

• The relationship of religion and culture
• Education and religious illiteracy
• The need to develop theological resources and language which convey respect for others.

The participants noted that the question of religious freedom is not simply an academic issue. As one participant emphasized, "The starting point for this discussion and the need for common action is very real human suffering."

The official report of the consultation will be released in mid-November.

Contact: Sara Speicher, Communication Officer, Tel: (+41.22) 791.6398